May 12, 2021 · The Objectives of the study were to: identify the teacher factors that contribute to the low academic performance of students in Kongo Senior High School, identify how students' attitude Many of the students believed that teachers’ absenteeism and incompetent mathematics teacher are not the reason for their poor performance in mathematics which agrees with the findings of Yarkwa, [23] that mathematics teacher altitudes have no relationship with students' academic performance. It is essential that factors affecting the performance of the students in Math are explored in order to address these concerns, neglecting to address these problems will worsen the situation of the country’s educational development. Brew (2021) Jun 1, 2020 · Much of the previous research that seeks to examine factors affecting students' academic performance in accounting have suggested that personal factors such as gender, age, parental education Jan 1, 2023 · This study examined the academic literature for the past three decades and revealed the factors that led to undergraduate students' academic underperformance. 24 and . Singh et al. (2,3) Earlier studies have shown a phenomenon of “burn out” that affects medical students. However, only teaching approaches and communication skills have a significant effect on their academic performance. Marta (2009) finds parents' financial status, admission fee and school management are leading factors. Gregory and Huang (Citation 2013) shows positive expectations of students, parents and maths teachers in 10th-grade students had positive impact on academic performance irrespective of student’s risk status (N = 15,000). 6%), high teacher-students ratio (1:65) and poor teaching methodology (46%). Aug 28, 2018 · Background. Teachers are facilitators of the learning process. The result of this study performed meta-analyses on the psychological factors influencing the academic achievement of university students and they found that the size of correlations was between -0. The findings revealed that the main factors related to pupils with low academic performance, were lack of family or parental support, financial issues, motivation, learning facilities, Sep 21, 2021 · PDF | On Sep 21, 2021, Salman Farooq and others published Factors Affecting Students Academic Performance: A Case Study of Sohar University | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Jul 27, 2023 · The key findings revealed that attending tutorials, use of previous examination papers, self-given homework, student-run study groups and use of the library are factors that were helpful in 37 Table 2 On Students’ Attitude and Commitment in the poor performance in SSCE mathematics: S/ N I TEMS SA A D SD MEAN RESPONSE 1 Students lack interest in mathematics 17 5 5 3 3. Jan 31, 2023 · This study aims at presenting a literature review on four factors; attitude, instructional methods, students’ misconception, and teachers’ qualification that contribute to low academic Jan 11, 2022 · Academic achievement and cognitive functions are influenced by sleep and mood/emotion. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn. On the one hand, there have been many surveys asking students why they dropout. Jan 1, 2021 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2021, Jovany Gleen L. Students’ effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1976; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education, family income (Devadoss& Foltz, 1996), self motivation, age of student, FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS Research into factors affecting the academic performance of students who dropout concentrates strongly on two areas. A highly motivated person puts the maximum effort in his or her job. 37 Parents should buy necessary learning 13 7 3 7 2. Poor academic performance of students is one problem impeding the Jan 5, 2022 · Repository’ to identify which factors affect a student’s academic performance (Cortez, 2014). Hence, this systematic review aimed to synthesize the factors impeding the academic The student performance would be improved if the academic institution leaders minimize the influence of the proposed factors and taking care of the psychological factors that influence students' achievement by increasing the role of counseling centers at the universities, providing better environment for assessing students' achievement The results revealed that low entry grades, family support, accommodation, student gender, previous assessment grade, student internal assessment grade, GPA, and students' e-learning activity Purpose/Aims:The purpose of the study was to investigate factors that influenced student‟s performance in Primary School Leaving Examinations. II. This study aimed to determine the level of study habits and skills of the students, to find out the The results revealed that low entry grades, family support, accommodation, student gender, previous assessment grade, student internal assessment grade, GPA, and students' e-learning activity May 5, 2016 · People who matter most to a child—such as teachers, parents and peer group play a very important role. The main difference between university dropout and academic success is that academic success can be measured by two comparable factors as a determinant of student success: obtained credit points (ECTS) and (cumulative) grade point average ((C)GPA), and, similarly to university dropout, this is also a complex phenomenon (York et al. // International Journal of Research & Reviews in Applied Sciences;2011, Vol. Jul 27, 2023 · The key findings revealed that attending tutorials, use of previous examination papers, self-given homework, student-run study groups and use of the library are factors that were helpful in For instance, Sibomana et al. Latent mean analysis shows that, compared with Having research-informed and evidence-based information into factors that impact on students’ academic performance is crucial for institutions to be able to identify gaps in the provision of training and support for students. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Method Aug 8, 1988 · Performance of Primary and Secondary Education The following are the factors which militate against the achievement of quality academic performance of primary and secondary school students in Nigeria: 1. 223**, and . They also found that the correlation between self-efficacy and academic achievement was high. Students’ academic performances have been studied at different levels by different researchers. performance in form four examinations was associated with poor working environment for teachers, poor supply of teaching and learning materials (61. It was further found that, the effects of parental involvement on student academic Singh et al. The results revealed that low entry grades, family support, accommodation, student gender, previous assessment grade, student internal assessment grade, GPA, and students' e-learning activity The results revealed that low entry grades, family support, accommodation, student gender, previous assessment grade, student internal assessment grade, GPA, and students' e-learning activity 6 of variables in the study significantly predict the students’ performance in the examination since p < 0. According to Graetz, a student's educational progress is significantly influenced by A survey was conducted by using a questionnaire for information gathering about different factors relating to academic performance of students. Nov 20, 2023 · Background Academic success is a measure of students’ ability to attain their educational objectives, often assessed through regular evaluations or examinations. CONCLUSION There are number of factors affecting students’ achievement in school which some can be addressed within school such as admission processes, staffs professionalism, guidance and counselling, provision of reading materials among others while other factors influencing the academic performance of students are outside the school these Another factor is teacher motivation. Home-based factors 47 . Academic performance at the basic level 31 . Brew (2021) Having research-informed and evidence-based information into factors that impact on students’ academic performance is crucial for institutions to be able to identify gaps in the provision of training and support for students. Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice. Allawan published Exploring the Factors Influencing the Performance in Biology of Senior High School Students at University of Mindanao, Philippines | Find Nov 24, 2022 · The purpose of this article is to study the socio-economic factors affecting student academic performance, and the relationship between the financial independence of students and their studies at Mar 13, 2021 · The study of students’ academic performance has gained much recognition internationally where it has drawn the attention of educational researchers, particularly in the previous decade. Students’ effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1976; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education, family income (Devadoss& Foltz, 1996), self motivation, age of student, performed meta-analyses on the psychological factors influencing the academic achievement of university students and they found that the size of correlations was between -0. A. Ofoegbu (2004) linked poor academic performance of students to poor teachers’ performance in terms of accomplishing the teaching task, negative attitudes to work and poor teaching habits which have been attributed to poor motivation. The students’ academic performance depends on a number of socio-economic factors like students’ attendance in the class, family income, mother’s and father’s education, teacher-student ratio, presence of trained teacher in school, sex of the student, and distance of below the 50 percent requirement of DepEd. Danyial (2011) also identified some factors which affect the students' academic performance, which are parents and family education, students' co-curricular activities. The measured factors have been divided into: External Factors (Extracurricular Activities, Family Problems Factors such as the financial status of the students, motivation to learn, gender were discovered to affect the performance of the students. The authors have collected data from 117 college/university students studying in Gurugram. 474**, . May 13, 2023 · The ultimate objective of this study was to determine the factors affecting senior high school students' poor academic performance at San Ildefonso National High School, Poblacion, San Ildefonso The study examined factors that positively influence students’ academic performance in public and private secondary schools in Rivers State-Nigeria. The success of any educational institution is measured by its academic performance or how well students meet the standards set out. effectiveness and academic performance in public secondary schools of Kiambu and Nyeri Counties, Kenya. As student data is generated from various sources, a multi-source Nov 6, 2012 · Many practical studies are carried out to investigate factors affecting college students' performance. Having research-informed and evidence-based information into factors that impact on students’ academic performance is crucial for institutions to be able to identify gaps in the provision of training and support for students. Control and Management of Primary and Secondary School Education salaries of personnel working in the No education, primary or Apr 28, 2017 · the relative importance of these factors on student's academic performance. those factors which are affecting student’s academic performance. It is evident from several studies that student, teacher, and curriculum factors seem to have a significant effect on mathematics achievement [1, 16, 33, 41, 42]. maganga a dissertation submmited in partial fulfilment for the requirements of the master degree in education administaration, planning and policy studies of the open university of tanzania 2016 study sought to explore the factors that contribute to poor academic achievement, and those which are frequently overlooked. The study therefore sought to identify factors that influence the academic performance of social studies students in selected Senior High Schools (SHSs) within the Tamale Metropolis and Sangnarigu Districts of Northern Region of Ghana. Improvement of study habits of the students is necessary so that they perform well in their studies. The objectives of the study were to: establish the strategies being employed by public secondary schools to improve students‟ academic performance; determine the relationship between the academic performance Jan 1, 2023 · This study examined the academic literature for the past three decades and revealed the factors that led to undergraduate students' academic underperformance. Oct 31, 2022 · Efforts to identify and address the factors that affect the academic performance of students is key to achieving the aim of education. Due to the increasing nature of the below-average academic performance of the Grade 11 students of Senior High School in the first and second quarter, the School Head gathered all the teachers in the SHS Having research-informed and evidence-based information into factors that impact on students’ academic performance is crucial for institutions to be able to identify gaps in the provision of training and support for students. Weak study habits of the student effects the academic performance drastically. (2016) studied factors affecting students' academic performance by using regression analysis, and they used a simple random technique for data collection. poor academic performance of pupils in the Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE). Significant The results revealed that low entry grades, family support, accommodation, student gender, previous assessment grade, student internal assessment grade, GPA, and students' e-learning activity hostelries or day scholars have all been identified as potential factors that affect a student's academic performance in previous studies [7]. Students who have poor study habits receive low grades in school, thus, a good study habit is a prerequisite for good academic performance. 1. The study is informed by the Conceptual Framework for Exploratory Study on Contributing Factors to Low Academic Achievement by (Nordin, Ahmad, Nayan, Yahya, Abdullah, Rahman, Ismail, and Yunus (2012). Mar 31, 2017 · The study examined the factors that affect students' academic achievement in Zimbabwe's rural Secondary Schools with Marimasimbe Secondary School (Gokwe South – Midlands Province) taken as a Determinants of students' performance have been the subject of ongoing debate among educators, academics, and policy makers. This paper seeks to unravel the effects of poor performance in English language on the academic performance of Nigerian University students. Factors that affect students’ academic performance 34 . 59. Abstract The study aimed at investigating the relationship between parental involvement and learners’ perceived attitude to their academic performance in Mathematics. To study the factors affecting academic grades of students, the authors have used factor analysis technique. Jun 17, 2019 · In a study with Canadian undergraduate students, Quinn-Nilas, Kennett, and Maki (Citation 2019) test a hypothesis that academic resourcefulness acts as a mediator in the link between explanatory styles for failure and academic grades in two groups of students (direct entry and transfer students). Academic performance is a dependent variable while the other factors affecting academic performance are independent variables. School-environment factors 34 . Empirical studies on perceived causes of low academic performance of students in mathematics 52 Jan 1, 2023 · This study examined the academic literature for the past three decades and revealed the factors that led to undergraduate students' academic underperformance. Also to investigate the impact of these factors on academic grades, the Jan 1, 2021 · Central to the assessment of educational efficacy is academic performance, a multifaceted measure encompassing various domains of learning in this process (Steinmayr, 2014). (2021) examined various factors affecting chemistry learning in secondary students through a literature review and found that school factors, content area, teachers Jan 1, 2021 · Central to the assessment of educational efficacy is academic performance, a multifaceted measure encompassing various domains of learning in this process (Steinmayr, 2014). The result revealed that there is a positive correlation among the school, students related factors, and the students' academic performance at the range of . The academic performance was gauged by the result of classrooms, limited home support environment and poverty are among the factors that affecting students’ academic performance in English Language. The study evaluates the factors affecting chemistry students’ academic performance in Senior Secondary Schools in Onitsha South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Students’ effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1976; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education, family income (Devadoss& Foltz, 1996), self motivation, age of student, classrooms, limited home support environment and poverty are among the factors that affecting students’ academic performance in English Language. Study type, settings and duration: Descriptive cross-sectional survey of 600 students (300 each from public and private performed meta-analyses on the psychological factors influencing the academic achievement of university students and they found that the size of correlations was between -0. The focus of this research is that student performance in intermediate examination is linked with students' outline consisted of his approach towards communication, learning facilities, proper guidance and family stress. 87 while learning 2 Lack of hard work on the part of students 13 Agboluaje, S. Students’ effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1976; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education, family income (Devadoss& Foltz, 1996), self motivation, age of student, Apr 22, 2021 · Studies by [16, 39, 40] claimed that the continual trend of poor achievement in mathematics is a function of cross-factors related to students, teachers, and schools. These issues /factors that affect student’s performance are the teacher/lecturer characteristics, study environment, and student personal problems of which can be improved to enhance the performance of the students. The main focus is on exploring the impact of various family factors on student academic performance, such as family structure, parental relationships, and family economic status conditions Factors Affecting the Academic Performance of Learners in Mathematics Amidst Pandemic Benjamin F. Having research-informed and evidence-based information into factors that impact on students’ academic performance is crucial for institutions to be able to identify gaps in the provision of training and support for students. The research is based on student profile developed on the bases of Jan 1, 2023 · This study examined the academic literature for the past three decades and revealed the factors that led to undergraduate students' academic underperformance. Although Jama et al. Student-related factors 43 . classrooms, limited home support environment and poverty are among the factors that affecting students’ academic performance in English Language. Students’ effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1976; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education, family income (Devadoss& Foltz, 1996), self motivation, age of student, factors affecting students’ academic performance: a case study of puplic secondary schools in ilala district, dar-es-salaam, tanzania jamillah h. To establish effective policies and programs that align with academic accomplishments, conducting comprehensive data analysis is pivotal. Identifying the most contributing variables in quality of academic performance. 5% of students, poor sanitation facilities affecting 70% of students, congestion in lecture theatres affecting 87. On the other hand, there have been studies that look at the academic performance of students The results revealed that low entry grades, family support, accommodation, student gender, previous assessment grade, student internal assessment grade, GPA, and students' e-learning activity Apr 16, 2021 · Sleep quality and quantity are among the most researched health behaviors in connection with academic performance of university students, and there is a consensus that both can affect students’ grades (Gilbert & Weaver, 2010; Flueckiger et al. Students’ effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1976; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education, family income (Devadoss& Foltz, 1996), self motivation, age of student, Dec 3, 2020 · At the graduate level, students’ poor performance cuts across almost all the compulsory subjects in which English is inclusive. As reported by National Center for Educational Statistics (2015) , the percentage of students proficient in reading at the fourth-grade level was 36% and at the eighth-grade classrooms, limited home support environment and poverty are among the factors that affecting students’ academic performance in English Language. To address these problems, an assessment of students’ academic success in terms of motivation, social effects and socio-economic effects. Brew (2021) quality of performance of learners. 8% of the students were predicted to have passed This poor performance may be due to poor study habits and the lower Socio-economic conditions in which they live. 20 10 7 - 3. These variables that affect students’ academic performance are both inside and outside the school. Sep 30, 2008 · analyse factors that affect the quality of students’ academic performance. 53 of 20 5 1 4 3. The study presents the challenges responsible for the poor performance of English language and makes a case for its effects on the academic performance of students in Tertiary Institutions. , (2016) stated that a lot of research experts focus to the quantitative studies on the factors affecting academic performance of students, little is known about the qualitative aspect of students’ perceptions with regard to factors affecting their academic performance in school. As university students, they need to maintain their performance in order to gain good results in their respective Feb 27, 2024 · Components of academic success. Indeed, student well-being is considered a crucial impediment to academic success (Kutsyuruba, Klinger, & Hussain, ). Other factors that have also been identified as factors contributing to poor academic performance, but are under-reported include social commitments (Lee & Shute, ); and 2010 financial concerns (Darolia, 2014). , 2014; Gaultney, 2016; Gomez Fonseca & Genzel, 2020). Specifically, this study determines the significant effect of laboratory adequacy and practical classes on chemistry students’ performance in Senior Secondary The current paper aims to present a review of the various definitions of "academic performance" along with the factors perceived to have an effect on the academic performance of students belonging This paper examined the factors contributory to memory retention affecting the academic performance in Mathematics of Grade 7 students of Kalumboyan High School, Bayawan City Division for SY 2019 Jul 27, 2023 · The key findings revealed that attending tutorials, use of previous examination papers, self-given homework, student-run study groups and use of the library are factors that were helpful in Jul 27, 2023 · The key findings revealed that attending tutorials, use of previous examination papers, self-given homework, student-run study groups and use of the library are factors that were helpful in delimitations of the study, the researcher suggested that a study on school based factors that influence student academic performance should be conducted, a study on student related factors that influence their academic performance should be conducted and also a study on headteachers leadership styles and their influence on academic performance May 21, 2009 · Finally, the model includes student attributes and students' learning outcomes from cocurricular activities. These factors may be termed as student factors, teacher factor, family factors, school factors and peer factors (Odumber et al, 2015). Does the parental background and home-related issues affect academic performance of students in Colleges of Education? 3. 186 respectively classrooms, limited home support environment and poverty are among the factors that affecting students’ academic performance in English Language. Students’ effort, previous schooling (Siegfried &Fels, 1976; Anderson & Benjamin, 1994), parents’ education, family income (Devadoss& Foltz, 1996), self motivation, age of student, Jul 27, 2023 · The key findings revealed that attending tutorials, use of previous examination papers, self-given homework, student-run study groups and use of the library are factors that were helpful in Having research-informed and evidence-based information into factors that impact on students’ academic performance is crucial for institutions to be able to identify gaps in the provision of training and support for students. Does the teachers’ effectiveness affect academic performance of students in Colleges of Education? 4. 05. performed meta-analyses on the psychological factors influencing the academic achievement of university students and they found that the size of correlations was between -0. Depression, burn out and stress are seen more commonly among medical students. 20 10 2 - 3. A series of variables are to be considered when to identify the affecting factors towards quality of academic success. 5% of students classrooms, limited home support environment and poverty are among the factors that affecting students’ academic performance in English Language. A coherent overview of the resultant interrelationships Factors Affecting Students Academic Performance: A Case Study of Sohar University Farooq Salman Alani 1, Poor performance influence students future uncertainty about overall contributing effectively to quality of performance of learners. Teacher-related factors 38 . Currently, nursing students’ academic failure is a phenomenon of growing international interest because of its economic impact and its negative effects on the availability of future nurses in different health care systems. Many first-year students are underprepared for university, which has a direct impact on their academic performance and capacity to assimilate what they learn (Nnedu, 2009). Brew (2021) students' academic achievement, as English communication skills are essential for academic success. Jan 1, 2021 · Central to the assessment of educational efficacy is academic performance, a multifaceted measure encompassing various domains of learning in this process (Steinmayr, 2014). 2 Research Objective Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the factors affecting students’ academic performance 2. 5% said is not true that incompetent Jan 1, 2021 · Central to the assessment of educational efficacy is academic performance, a multifaceted measure encompassing various domains of learning in this process (Steinmayr, 2014). Introduction performed meta-analyses on the psychological factors influencing the academic achievement of university students and they found that the size of correlations was between -0. Nov 25, 2017 · In looking at factors contributing to poor student performance at the secondary level, achievement data from fourth grade and eighth grade are significant data points. It contains data collected Jun 8, 2021 · Abstract Academic success is a challenging process that is influenced by several factors. Conceptual Framework 50 . This review is aimed to study factors affecting students' performance in higher institutions of learning in Gombe state, Nigeria. The BECE uses a nine-point numerical scale in grading candidates with Grade 1, denoting the highest performance and Grade 9 the lowest: Grade 1 (excellent), Grade 2 (very good), Grade 3 (good), Grade 4 (high average), Grade 5 (average), Grade 6 (low average), The results revealed that low entry grades, family support, accommodation, student gender, previous assessment grade, student internal assessment grade, GPA, and students' e-learning activity Jan 1, 2021 · Central to the assessment of educational efficacy is academic performance, a multifaceted measure encompassing various domains of learning in this process (Steinmayr, 2014). There have been many studies that sought to examine this issue and Jan 23, 2020 · In addition, psychological factors such are self-esteem of the female students, parents attitude towards female students, teachers attitude towards to female students, and community attitude Singh et al. This dataset was published on the website on November 27, 2014. show the relationship between Academic Performance with Student Income, Communication Skills and IQ Score of the University of Fiji Business and Economics Students. PDF | Making a career choice is a defining phase in every student's life. Jul 27, 2023 · The key findings revealed that attending tutorials, use of previous examination papers, self-given homework, student-run study groups and use of the library are factors that were helpful in Dec 4, 2010 · Multiple stressors including academic burden, parental and peer pressure and even psychological ailments affect medical students, and this shows up in their performance. Sep 1, 2022 · There are studies which tries to identify the factors that affect the academic performance of deaf students [76, 36,44,77,78]. Using the PRISMA strategy, four main categories were identified that are academic, personal, social, and demographic. The instrument used for the collection of data was the “Students’ Academic Performance Questionnaire” This study aims to identify and examine the factors affecting the academic performance of ten (10) Grade Five pupils in Leyte Normal University-Integrated Laboratory School. 1 Asma Shahid Kazi, 2 Abeeda Akhlaq . Feb 1, 2021 · This study explored student factors affecting academic success among undergraduate students at a historically Black and a historically White South African public higher education institution. Brew (2021) Among the main factors that affect the academic performance of students at the main campus as revealed by this study include over enrolment which affects 70% of students, inadequate campus accommodation affecting 82. Keywords: Teacher, High School, Student, Academic Achievement. Brew (2021) Apr 15, 2016 · Singh et al. One research question addressed the objectives and problem of the study. Jan 1, 2023 · This study examined the academic literature for the past three decades and revealed the factors that led to undergraduate students' academic underperformance. . 8 Issue 3, p395 There are so many factors that can improve students' academic performances and also so many factors that can lead to poor academic performance. Suutari There are many factors affecting the students' performance. Teacher effects students’ academic success in terms professional competence, being a role model, communication, attitude, motivation and guidance. , Citation 2015). and poor performance. Bajwa and Jindail Jan 1, 2023 · This study examined the academic literature for the past three decades and revealed the factors that led to undergraduate students' academic underperformance. Mijares III* For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page. Based on the conclusions, it was recommended that schools use the proposed Diaz (2003) reported that most studies focus on the three elements that intervene, that is, parents (family causal factors), teachers (academic causal factors), and students (personal causal factors), though the influence on academic performance varies from one academic environment to another, from one set of students to the next, and indeed 2019 to collect information on factors affecting students’ academic performance. The research is concerned with the following factors; Secondary school education, improper orientation and guidance, Poor communication skills, students' attitude and mentality and Poor objective achievement of courses and its influence on student's performances. 66. Does availability of school facilities affect academic performance of students in Colleges of Education? 5. Nov 22, 2015 · The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation of the academic performance of students between student factors, family factors, university infrastructure factors, and faculty factors. are the two main factors that affect the students in academic performance and dropout [9] as well as family expenditure and income are affecting students’ academic performance [23],[24],[25]. Brew (2021) Jul 27, 2023 · The key findings revealed that attending tutorials, use of previous examination papers, self-given homework, student-run study groups and use of the library are factors that were helpful in Jun 24, 2020 · This study was conducted to examine factors influencing academic performance of students. 59. In addition, several other factors affect learning. LITERATURE REVIEW Most of the literature reviewed on student academic performance support the assertion that success in academics is dependent on several factor which include a mixture of student demographic features, educational background and Academic performance is one of the most essential parts for university students. Given the abovementioned issues and gaps, the study would like to determine the factors that affect Senior High School students’ poor academic performance at San Ildefonso Objectives: To determine the socio-economic, psychosocial, environmental and student related factors affecting academic performance of public and private primary school children. (2008) used four circles to describe nontraditional students factors affecting the academic performance of the students were significantly associated with each other. xnnj jkinw asrlh vxo cjoyrqo ywhzx qrwzfa wuxgz soooxa gzqgpls